Organizational Necrosis Autopsy: How Extremist Openness Can Threaten Open Organizing
Abstract
Existing research highlights the imperative nature of addressing inherent tensions when implementing organizational openness, necessitating actors to navigate explicit or implicit emergent closure mechanisms. However, certain literature warns against the absolute conception of openness prevalent in academic and practical spheres. This article thus explores what occurs in organizations that eschew closure mechanisms in favor of openness. I draw on the ethnographic inquiry of Managers du 21e siècle, a non-profit organization championing openness as a pivotal organization tenet, whose existence has come under threat amidst escalating crises. The metaphor of organizational necrosis serves to highlight that an extremist pursuit of open principles can hamper action by fostering depersonification, to align with extremist open values, and triggering disempowerment, through strategies that deflect conflicts of value. My first contribution emphasizes the detrimental repercussions of an extremist openness paradigm on organization sustainability. The second explores how medical metaphors can assist in grasping organizational decline.
Downloads
References
Adobor, H. (2020). Open strategy: Role of organizational democracy. Journal of Strategy and Management, 13(2), 310–331. doi: 10.1108/JSMA-07-2019-0125
Alvesson, M., & Spicer, A. (2011). Metaphors we lead by: Understanding leadership in the real world. Routledge.
Alvesson, M., & Willmott, H. (1992). On the idea of emancipation in management and organization studies. Academy of Management Review, 17(3), 432–464. doi: 10.5465/AMR.1992.4281977
Arman, R. (2014). Death metaphors and factory closure. Culture and Organization, 20(1), 23–39. doi: 10.1080/14759551.2013.851679
Armbrüster, T., & Gebert, D. (2002). Uncharted territories of organizational research: The case of Karl Popper’s open society and its enemies. Organization Studies, 23(2), 169–188. doi: 10.1177/0170840602232001
Baptista, J., Wilson, A. D., Galliers, R. D., & Bynghall, S. (2017). Social media and the emergence of reflexiveness as a new capability for open strategy. Long Range Planning, 50(3), 322–336. doi: 10.1016/j.lrp.2016.07.005
Barley, S. R., & Kunda, G. (1992). Design and devotion: Surges of rational and normative ideologies of control in managerial discourse. Administrative Science Quarterly, 37(3), 363–399. doi: 10.2307/2393449
Bell, E. (2012). Ways of seeing organisational death: A critical semiotic analysis of organisational memorialisation. Visual Studies, 27(1), 4–17. doi: 10.1080/1472586X.2012.642954
Bencherki, N., Basque, J., & Rouleau, L. (2019). Chapter 14 – A sensemaking perspective on open strategy. In D. Seidl, G. von Krogh, & R. Whittington (Eds.), The Cambridge handbook of open strategy (pp. 241–258). Cambridge University Press.
Brockner, J., Konovsky, M., Cooper-Schneider, R., Folger, R., Martin, C., & Bies, R. J. (1994). Interactive effects of procedural justice and outcome negativity on victims and survivors of job loss. Academy of Management Journal, 37(2), 397–409. https://journals.aom.org/doi/abs/10.5465/256835
Burns, T., & Stalker, G. M. (1994 [1961]). The management of innovation. Oxford University Press.
Burrell, G. (1998). Linearity, control and death. In D. Grant, T. W. Keenoy, & C. Oswick (Eds.), Discourse and organization (pp. 134–151). Sage.
Cazal, D., & Inns, D. (1998). Metaphor, language and meaning. In D. Grant, T. W. Keenoy, & C. Oswick (Eds.), Discourse and organization (pp. 177–192). Sage.
Chesbrough, H. W. (2003). Open innovation: The new imperative for creating and profiting from technology. Harvard Business School Press.
Clegg, S. (1994). Weber and Foucault: Social theory for the study of organizations. Organization, 1(1), 149–178. doi: 10.1177/135050849400100115
Cornelissen, J. P. (2005). Beyond compare: Metaphor in organization theory. Academy of Management Review, 30(4), 751–764. doi: 10.5465/amr.2005.18378876
Cornelissen, J. P., Oswick, C., Christensen, L. T., & Phillips, N. (2008). Metaphor in organizational research: Context, modalities and implications for research – Introduction. Organization Studies, 29(1), 7–22. doi: 10.1177/0170840607086634
Dahlander, L., & O’Mahony, S. (2011). Progressing to the center: Coordinating project work. Organization Science, 22(4), 961–979. doi: 10.1287/orsc.1100.0571
Daudigeos, T., Edwards, T., Jaumier, S., Pasquier, V., & Picard, H. (2021). Elusive domination and the fate of critique in neo-participative management: A French pragmatist approach. Organization Studies, 42(3), 453–471. doi: 10.1177/0170840619856027
Devine, K., Reay, T., Stainton, L., & Collins- Nakai, R. (2003). Downsizing outcomes: Better a victim than a survivor? Human Resource Management, 42(2), 109–124. doi: 10.1002/hrm.10071
De Vries, M. F. R. K., & Balazs, K. (1997). The downside of downsizing. Human Relations, 50(1), 11–50. doi: 10.1023/A:1016901315958
Dobusch, L., & Dobusch, L. (2019). Chapter 19 – The relation between openness and closure in open strategy: Programmatic and constitutive approaches to openness. In D. Seidl, G. von Krogh, & R. Whittington (Eds.), The Cambridge handbook of open strategy (pp. 326–336). Cambridge University Press.
Dobusch, L., Dobusch, L., & Müller-Seitz, G. (2019). Closing for the benefit of openness? The case of Wikimedia’s open strategy process. Organization Studies, 40(3), 343–370. doi: 10.1177/0170840617736930
Dobusch, L., & Kapeller, J. (2018). Open strategy-making with crowds and communities: Comparing Wikimedia and creative commons. Long Range Planning, 51(4), 561–579. doi: 10.1016/j.lrp.2017.08.005
Splitter, V., Dobusch, L., Von Krogh, G., Whittington, R., & Walgenbach, P. (Eds.). (2023). Open organizing in an open society? Conditions, consequences and contradictions of openness as an organizing principle [Special issue]. Organization Studies, 44(1). Retrieved from https://journals.sagepub.com/toc/ossa/44/1
Dobusch, L., & Schoeneborn, D. (2015). Fluidity, identity, and organizationality: The communicative constitution of Anonymous. Journal of Management Studies, 52(8), 1005–1035. doi: 10.1111/joms.12139
Eisenberg, E. M., & Witten, M. G. (1987). Reconsidering openness in organizational communication. Academy of Management Review, 12(3), 418–426. doi: 10.5465/amr.1987.4306557
Fleming, P., & Banerjee, S. B. (2016). When performativity fails: Implications for critical management studies. Human Relations, 69(2), 257–276. doi: 10.1177/0018726715599241
Fleming, P., & Sturdy, A. (2009). ‘Just be yourself!’: Towards neo-normative control in organisations? Employee Relations, 31(6), 569–583. doi: 10.1108/01425450910991730
Gandolfi, F., & Hansson, M. (2011). Causes and consequences of downsizing: Towards an integrative framework. Journal of Management & Organization, 17(4), 498–521. doi: 10.5172/jmo.2011.17.4.498
Gibbs, J. L., Rozaidi, N. A., & Eisenberg, J. (2013). Overcoming the ‘ideology of openness’: Probing the affordances of social media for organizational knowledge sharing. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 19(1), 102–120. doi: 10.1111/jcc4.12034
Haug, C. (2015). What is consensus and how is it achieved in meetings? Four types of consensus decision-making. In J. A. Allen, N. Lehmann-Willenbrock, & S. G. Rogelberg (Eds.), The Cambridge handbook of meeting science (pp. 556–584). Cambridge University Press.
Hautz, J., Matzler, K., Sutter, J., Hutter, K., & Füller, J. (2019). Practices of inclusion in open strategy. In D. Seidl, G. von Krogh, & R. Whittington (Eds.), Cambridge handbook of open strategy (pp. 87–105). Cambridge University Press.
Hautz, J., Seidl, D., & Whittington, R. (2017). Open strategy: Dimensions, dilemmas, dynamics. Long Range Planning, 50(3), 298–309. doi: 10.1016/j.lrp.2016.12.001
Heimstädt, M. (2017). Openwashing: A decoupling perspective on organizational transparency. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 125, 77–86. doi: 10.1016/j.techfore.2017.03.037
Heracleous, L., Gößwein, J., & Beaudette, P. (2017). Open strategy-making at the Wikimedia Foundation: A dialogic perspective. The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 54(1), 5–35. doi: 10.1177/0021886317712665
Hildwein, F. (2020). How communicative performances can constitute an organization’s self. M@n@gement, 23(1), 61–80. doi: 10.37725/mgmt.v23.4425
Hussenot, A. (2021). All for one, one for all! From events to organizational dynamics in fluid organization. M@n@gement, 24(2), 1–22. doi: 10.37725/mgmt.v24.4534
Husted, E., & Plesner, U. (2017). Spaces of open-source politics: Physical and digital conditions for political organization. Organization, 24(5), 648–670. doi: 10.1177/1350508417713215
Hutter, K., Nketia, B. A., & Füller, J. (2017). Falling short with participation – Different effects of ideation, commenting, and evaluating behavior on open strategizing. Long Range Planning, 50(3), 355–370. doi: 10.1016/j.lrp.2016.08.005
Janssen, M., Charalabidis, Y., & Zuiderwijk, A. (2012). Benefits, adoption barriers and myths of open data and open government. Information Systems Management, 29(4), 258–268. doi: 10.1080/10580530.2012.716740
King, D., & Land, C. (2018). The democratic rejection of democracy: Performative failure and the limits of critical performativity in an organizational change project. Human Relations, 71(11), 1535–1557. doi: 10.1177/0018726717751841
King, D., & Learmonth, M. (2015). Can critical management studies ever be ‘practical’? A case study in engaged scholarship. Human Relations, 68(3), 353–375. doi: 10.1177/0018726714528254
Kornberger, M., Meyer, R. E., Brandtner, C., & Höllerer, M. A. (2017). When bureaucracy meets the crowd: Studying ‘open government’ in the Vienna City Administration. Organization Studies, 38(2), 179–200. doi: 10.1177/0170840616655496
Land, C., & King, D. (2014). Organizing otherwise: Translating anarchism in a voluntary sector organization. Ephemera: Theory & Politics in Organization, 14(4), 923–950.
Langley, A., & Tsoukas, H. (2010). Introducing ‘Perspectives on process organization studies’. In T. Hernes & S. Maitlis (Eds.), Process, sensemaking, and organizing (pp. 1–26). Oxford University Press.
La Rocca, A., Mandelli, A., & Snehota, I. (2014). Netnography approach as a tool for marketing research: The case of Dash-P&G/TTV. Management Decision, 52(4), 689–704. doi: 10.1108/MD-03-2012-0233
Learmonth, M., Harding, N., Gond, J.-P., & Cabantous, L. (2016). Moving critical performativity forward. Human Relations, 69(2), 251–256. doi: 10.1177/0018726715620477
Lingo, E. L. (2023). Digital curation and creative brokering: Managing information overload in open organizing. Organization Studies, 44(1), 105–133. doi: 10.1177/01708406221099697
Locke, K., Feldman, M., & Golden-Biddle, K. (2022). Coding practices and iterativity: Beyond templates for analyzing qualitative data. Organizational Research Methods, 25(2), 262–284. doi: 10.1177/1094428120948600
Luedicke, M. K., Husemann, K. C., Furnari, S., & Ladstaetter, F. (2017). Radically open strategizing: How the Premium Cola collective takes open strategy to the extreme. Long Range Planning, 50(3), 371–384. doi: 10.1016/j.lrp.2016.07.001
Mack, D. Z., & Szulanski, G. (2017). Opening up: How centralization affects participation and inclusion in strategy making. Long Range Planning, 50(3), 385–396. doi: 10.1016/j.lrp.2016.08.004
Miles, M. B., Huberman, A. M., & Saldaña, J. (2013). Qualitative data analysis: A methods sourcebook. Sage.
Morgan, G. (1986). Images of organization. Sage.
Munkejord, K. (2009). Methodological emotional reflexivity: The role of researcher emotions in grounded theory research. Qualitative Research in Organizations and Management, 4(2), 151–167. doi: 10.1108/17465640910978409
Neyland, D. (2007). Organizational ethnography. Sage.
Ohlson, T., & Yakis-Douglas, B. (2019). Practices of transparency in open strategy: Beyond the dichotomy of voluntary and mandatory disclosure. In D. Seidl, G. von Krogh, & R. Whittington (Eds.), The Cambridge handbook of open strategy (pp. 136–150). Cambridge University Press.
O’Mahony, S., & Ferraro, F. (2007). The emergence of a governance structure in an open source community. Academy of Management Journal, 50(5), 1079–1106. doi: 10.2307/20159914
Parker, M., Fournier, V., & Reedy, P. (2007). The dictionary of alternatives: Utopianism and organization. Zed Books.
Pearce, J. M. (2013). Free and open source appropriate technology. In M. Parker, G. Cheney, V. Fournier, & C. Land (Eds.), The Routledge companion to alternative organization (pp. 308–328).
Picard, H., & Islam, G. (2020). ‘Free to do what I want’? Exploring the ambivalent effects of liberating leadership. Organization Studies, 41(3), 393–414. doi: 10.1177/0170840618814554
Puranam, P., Alexy, O., & Reitzig, M. (2014). What’s ‘new’ about new forms of organizing? Academy of Management Review, 39(2), 162–180. doi: 10.5465/amr.2011.0436
Raviola, E. (2017). Book review: The Conversational Firm: Rethinking bureaucracy in the age of social media. Organization Studies, 38(11), 1645–1647. doi: 10.1177/0170840617721671
Raymond, E. (1999). The cathedral and the bazaar. Knowledge, Technology & Policy, 12(3), 23–49. doi: 10.1007/s12130-999-1026-0
Reischauer, G., & Ringel, L. (2023). Unmanaged transparency in a digital society: Swiss army knife or double-edged sword? Organization Studies, 44(1), 77–104. doi: 10.1177/01708406221106329
Ricœur, P. (1984). L’idéologie et l’utopie : deux expressions de l’imaginaire social. Autres Temps. Les cahiers du christianisme social, 2, 53–64. doi: 10.3406/chris.1984.940
Ricœur, P. (1997). L’idéologie et l’utopie. Seuil.
Ringel, L. (2019). Unpacking the transparency-secrecy nexus: Frontstage and backstage behaviour in a political party. Organization Studies, 40(5), 705–723. doi: 10.1177/0170840618759817
Ripken, S. K. (2006). The dangers and drawbacks of the disclosure antidote: Toward a more substantive approach to securities regulation. Baylor Law Review, 58(1), 139–204.
Schlagwein, D., Conboy, K., Feller, J., Leimeister, J. M., & Morgan, L. (2017). ‘Openness’ with and without information technology: A framework and a brief history. Journal of Information Technology, 32(4), 297–305. doi: 10.1057/s41265-017-0049-3
Seidl, D., Von Krogh, G., & Whittington, R. (2019). Defining open strategy: Dimensions, practices, impacts, and perspectives. In D. Seidl, G. von Krogh, & R. Whittington (Eds.), Cambridge handbook of open strategy (pp. 9–26). doi: 10.1017/9781108347921.002
Sewell, G. (1998). The discipline of teams: The control of team-based industrial work through electronic and peer surveillance. Administrative Science Quarterly, 43(2), 397–428. doi: 10.2307/2393857
Smith, P., Callagher, L., Crewe-Brown, J., & Siedlok, F. (2018). Zones of participation (and non-participation) in open strategy: Desirable, actual and undesirable. M@n@gement, 21(1), 646–666. doi: 10.3917/mana.211.0646
Spicer, A., Alvesson, M., & Kärreman, D. (2009). Critical performativity: The unfinished business of critical management studies. Human Relations, 62(4), 537–560. doi: 10.1177/0018726708101984
Sturdy, A., Fleming, P., & Delbridge, R. (2010). Normative control and beyond in contemporary capitalism. In P. Thompson & C. Smith (Eds.), Working life: Renewing labour process analysis (pp. 113–135). Palgrave Macmillan.
Sutton, R. I. (1987). The process of organizational death: Disbanding and reconnecting. Administrative Science Quarterly, 32(4), 542–569. doi: 10.2307/2392883
Tkacz, N. (2012). From open source to open government: A critique of open politics. Ephemera: Theory & Politics in Organization, 12(4), 386–405.
Turco, C. (2016). The conversational firm: Rethinking bureaucracy in the age of social media. Columbia University Press.
Vaara, E., Rantakari, A., & Holstein, J. (2019). Participation research and open strategy. In D. Seidl, G. von Krogh, & R. Whittington (Eds.), The Cambridge handbook of open strategy (pp. 27–40). doi: 10.1017/9781108347921.003
van Dierendonck, D., & Jacobs, G. (2012). Survivors and victims, a meta- analytical review of fairness and organizational commitment after downsizing. British Journal of Management, 23(1), 96–109. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8551.2010.00724.x
Von Krogh, G., Haefliger, S., Spaeth, S., & Wallin, M. W. (2012). Carrots and rainbows: Motivation and social practice in open source software development. MIS Quaterly, 36(2), 649–676. doi: 10.2307/41703471
Whittington, R., Cailluet, L., & Yakis-Douglas, B. (2011). Opening strategy: Evolution of a precarious profession. British Journal of Management, 22(3), 531–544. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8551.2011.00762.x
Winegardner, D., Simonetti, J. L., & Nykodym, N. (1984). Unemployment: The living death? Journal of Employment Counseling, 21(4), 149–155. doi: 10.1002/j.2161-1920.1984.tb00797.x
Ybema, S., Yanow, D., Wels, H., & Kamsteeg, F. H. (2009). Organizational ethnography: Studying the complexities of everyday life. Sage.
Copyright (c) 2024 Margaux Langlois
![Creative Commons License](http://i.creativecommons.org/l/by-nc/4.0/88x31.png)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Authors retain copyright of their work, with first publication rights granted to the AIMS.